西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產日韓精品SUV:tutifudi.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產日韓精品SUV:西安鍛銅(tong)雕塑(su)中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理(li)化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人(ren)類發現最早而(er)且又(you)是(shi)常被應(ying)用得得心應(ying)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)序(xu)數是(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅(hong)色(se)(se)，比重(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而(er)韌(ren)，其(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易氧(yang)化(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加熱更(geng)易氧(yang)化(hua)，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)用生成(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧(yang)化(hua)碳作(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯形成(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)做其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)金屬(shu)之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層。鍍(du)層可(ke)做為防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)可(ke)實用于鋅鑄件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)，容易控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于鎳(nie)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)點低，容易加工(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能很好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且色(se)(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)和各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合，既可(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型壁畫、雕(diao)塑，又(you)可(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝(zhuang)飾。所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)藝(yi)受到(dao)(dao)很多(duo)藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為許多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加入金屬(shu)錫冶(ye)煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬(ying)，相對延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易變(bian)形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些折(zhe)皺少(shao)、大(da)塊(kuai)面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)化(hua)成(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)易加工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐(nai)久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古(gu)雅、莊(zhuang)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
二、國產日韓精品SUV:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)經過不同的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不同的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是集(ji)材質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三者綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑需要(yao)(yao)從這(zhe)三者入手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣賞也是需要(yao)(yao)這(zhe)三方(fang)面來進行(xing)，如(ru)果(guo)只是從一個方(fang)面就很難(nan)了解和(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料(liao)和(he)(he)不同造型、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑對加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也不同。所(suo)以成(cheng)(cheng)型和(he)(he)制作方(fang)法(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割等(deng)五大(da)加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而(er)且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)面還主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄造工(gong)藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅(tong)雕(diao)塑的最古老的成型(xing)工(gong)藝之一，它(ta)的加(jia)工(gong)方法是(shi)首(shou)先要(yao)用黏(nian)土或(huo)者其(qi)它(ta)可塑材料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材料(liao)的不同，主要(yao)分為陶(tao)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)、金(jin)屬(shu)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)（也稱翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶(tao)范(fan)鑄造
它是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技術之一(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在商代就(jiu)熟(shu)練地(di)掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)(yi)，并用此(ci)工藝(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)(yi)術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法(fa)(fa)首(shou)先(xian)是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選細(xi)黏土敷在模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上，待半干時分塊取(qu)下陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分片(pian)多(duo)少視造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)程度而(er)定。如果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或器物，在做(zuo)(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距(ju)離就(jiu)是澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要預先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)好澆注口和出氣孔。最后把內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并敷上泥(ni)層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)好上述工作(zuo)，即可(ke)以熔(rong)銅(tong)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此(ci)需(xu)要采用分鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比(bi)如全(quan)身人像雕塑(su)，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭與身體、四(si)肢分別制成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿(na)出，再與軀干的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干時四(si)肢便與軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產日韓精品SUV:鍛銅(tong)雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理(li)化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人(ren)類發現最早而(er)且又(you)是(shi)常被應(ying)用得得心應(ying)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)序(xu)數是(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅(hong)色(se)(se)，比重(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而(er)韌(ren)，其(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易氧(yang)化(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加熱更(geng)易氧(yang)化(hua)，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)用生成(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧(yang)化(hua)碳作(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯形成(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)做其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)金屬(shu)之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層。鍍(du)層可(ke)做為防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)可(ke)實用于鋅鑄件電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)，容易控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于鎳(nie)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)點低，容易加工(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能很好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且色(se)(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)和各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合，既可(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型壁畫、雕(diao)塑，又(you)可(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝(zhuang)飾。所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)藝(yi)受到(dao)(dao)很多(duo)藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為許多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加入金屬(shu)錫冶(ye)煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬(ying)，相對延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易變(bian)形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些折(zhe)皺少(shao)、大(da)塊(kuai)面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)化(hua)成(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)易加工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐(nai)久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古(gu)雅、莊(zhuang)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
銅(tong)(tong)經過不同的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不同的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是集(ji)材質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三者綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑需要(yao)(yao)從這(zhe)三者入手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣賞也是需要(yao)(yao)這(zhe)三方(fang)面來進行(xing)，如(ru)果(guo)只是從一個方(fang)面就很難(nan)了解和(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料(liao)和(he)(he)不同造型、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑對加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也不同。所(suo)以成(cheng)(cheng)型和(he)(he)制作方(fang)法(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割等(deng)五大(da)加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而(er)且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)面還主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄造工(gong)藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅(tong)雕(diao)塑的最古老的成型(xing)工(gong)藝之一，它(ta)的加(jia)工(gong)方法是(shi)首(shou)先要(yao)用黏(nian)土或(huo)者其(qi)它(ta)可塑材料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材料(liao)的不同，主要(yao)分為陶(tao)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)、金(jin)屬(shu)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)（也稱翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶(tao)范(fan)鑄造
它是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技術之一(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在商代就(jiu)熟(shu)練地(di)掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)(yi)，并用此(ci)工藝(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)(yi)術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法(fa)(fa)首(shou)先(xian)是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選細(xi)黏土敷在模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上，待半干時分塊取(qu)下陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分片(pian)多(duo)少視造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)程度而(er)定。如果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或器物，在做(zuo)(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距(ju)離就(jiu)是澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要預先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)好澆注口和出氣孔。最后把內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并敷上泥(ni)層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)好上述工作(zuo)，即可(ke)以熔(rong)銅(tong)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此(ci)需(xu)要采用分鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比(bi)如全(quan)身人像雕塑(su)，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭與身體、四(si)肢分別制成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿(na)出，再與軀干的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干時四(si)肢便與軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產日韓精品SUV:鍛銅(tong)雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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